Why Two Asian Neighbors Sparked the World’s Most Recent Armed Conflict

At least 16 people have been killed in armed clashes along the Thailand-Cambodia border, marking the most severe fighting between the two nations in over a decade. Since the conflict erupted on Thursday, both sides have escalated the use of heavy artillery and rocket systems, with skirmishes now reported at 12 different locations. The acting Thai Prime Minister, Phumtham Wechayachai, cautioned on Friday that the situation threatens to escalate into a full-scale war. According to the Thai Health Ministry, at least 14 civilians and a soldier have lost their lives, while over 130,000 residents have been forced to evacuate to temporary shelters.

Cambodia has reported one civilian death in the border region. The accusations between the two nations are intense; Thailand claims Cambodia is targeting civilians, while Cambodia alleges that Thailand is deploying banned cluster munitions. Amidst the conflict, Thailand has utilized a U.S.-made F-16 fighter jet to strike Cambodian military positions. The United States, a long-time ally of Thailand, has urged for an immediate stop to hostilities, voicing particular concern over civilian casualties.

The root of this conflict stems from a border dispute that dates back to the colonial era, largely defined by the French in the early 20th century. Both countries have engaged in numerous altercations since the border was established, especially around the ancient Preah Vihear temple, which holds significant historical importance and is recognized as Cambodian territory by the International Court of Justice. Political dynamics in Thailand have further complicated matters, especially following a leaked phone conversation between Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra and Cambodian leader Hun Sen. The fallout from this incident has fueled public discontent and undermined Shinawatra’s position even as the military’s influence continues to grow.

As the tensions escalate, Cambodia has called for international intervention and mediation, with China offering to assist, though its alignment with the Cambodian government raises concerns for Thailand. The complexity of the situation hints at a challenging path toward a resolution, especially given the military’s assertive role in Thailand’s foreign policy.